12 Engineering inoculation did not invent Jenner and Pasteur, but in the Muslim world and brought to Europe from Turkey, the wife of the British ambassador in Istanbul at the 1724th Children in Turkey were vaccinated with cowpox to fight the deadly smallpox at least 50 years before the West was opened.
13 pen is designed for the Sultan of Egypt in 953 after he moved to the spring, that does not stain hands or clothing. It is ink in the reservoir, as well as with modern pens, fed ink to the tip to a combination of gravity and capillary action.
14 The numbering system used throughout the world, probably the origin in India, but the style of the drawings in Arabic and first appears in print in the activities of the Muslim mathematicians al-Khwarizmi and al-Kindi approximately 825th Algebra was named after al-Khwarizmi book Al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah, most of which the contents are still in use. The work of Muslim scholars in mathematics was, in Europe 300 years later, the Italian mathematician Fibonacci. And a lot of algorithms in the theory of trigonometry with the Muslim world. and Al-Kindi opening of frequency analysis rendered any codes of the ancient world soluble and basis of modern cryptography.
15 Ali ibn Nafi, known for its nickname Ziryab (black) came from Iraq to Cordoba in the 9 century, and with it the concept of three courses - soup, followed by fish or meat, then fruit and nuts. He also introduced crystal glasses (was invented after experiments with rock crystal Abbas ibn firna - see number 4).
16 Carpets were a paradise of medieval Muslims, thanks to their advanced web technologies, new tinctures from Islamic chemistry and highly developed sense of pattern and arabesque which form the basis of Islam is not a representative of the arts. In Europe, however, were clearly terrestrial plants, if not the world, Arab and Persian rugs. In England, as Erasmus recorded, floors were "in the cane, sometimes again, but so imperfectly that the bottom layer remains intact, and sometimes for 20 years, receiving expectoration, vomiting, leakage of dogs and men, beer labels, the remains of fish and other abominations not fit to. " carpets are not that fast.
17 arrival of modern Arab-Sakka, a voice in the writing of wages, if the delivered goods until receipt of money to be transported in hazardous areas. In the 9 th Century, Muslim businessman could cash a check in China, based on his bank in Baghdad.
18 In the 9 th Century, many Muslim scholars it for granted that the Earth is a sphere. The evidence, said astronomer Ibn Hazm ", is that the Sun is always vertical to a place on earth." It was 500 years before the fall of the implementation of Galileo. The calculations of Muslim astronomers were so accurate that in the 9 th Century, it is estimated circumference of the Earth's 40,253.4 km - less than 200 kilometers away from. Scientists al-Idrisi in the world, the world of the court of King Roger of Sicily in 1139
19 Despite the fact that the Chinese invented saltpetre gunpowder, and used them in their fireworks, it was the Arabs who worked, cleaned with potassium nitrate for military use. Muslim incendiary devices, the fear of the Crusaders. In the 15 th Century invented the rocket, "self-moving and burning egg," and shot - self pear-shaped bomb with a spear at the front with Impaled on enemy ships and then explodes.
20 Medieval Europe had kitchen and herb gardens, but it was the Arabs, the idea of a garden as a place of beauty and meditation. The first royal garden in Europe in the 11 th century Muslim Spain. Flowers which originated in Muslim gardens include carnations and tulips.